The planets consist of a core made of iron, silicates, and ices surrounded by a H/He envelope, similar to the ice giants in the solar system. We simulated the cooling of isolated core-dominated and gas giant planets with masses of 5 M ⊕–2 M ♃. We extend these cooling curves to Saturnian and Neptunian planets. Evolutionary models predicting the planetary intrinsic luminosity as a function of time have traditionally concentrated on gas-dominated giant planets. On the theoretical side, core accretion formation models predict a significant population of low-mass and/or cool planets at orbital distances of ~10–100 au.Īims. Future instruments like the Near Infrared Camera (NIRCam) and the Mid Infrared Instrument (MIRI) on the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) or the Mid-Infrared E-ELT Imager and Spectrograph (METIS) at the European Extremely Large Telescope (E-ELT) will be able to image exoplanets that are too faint (because they have a low mass, and hence a small size or low effective temperature) for current direct imaging instruments. Institute for Particle Physics and Astrophysics, ETH Zurich,ĭepartment of Astronomy, University of Michigan,Ĭontext. Institut für Astronomie und Astrophysik, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen,Ĭenter for Space and Habitability, University of Bern, Physikalisches Institut, University of Bern, Linder 1, Christoph Mordasini 1, Paul Mollière 2, Gabriel-Dominique Marleau 3 ,1, Matej Malik 4, Sascha P. Astronomical objects: linking to databasesĮsther F.Including author names using non-Roman alphabets.Suggested resources for more tips on language editing in the sciences Punctuation and style concerns regarding equations, figures, tables, and footnotes
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